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<h2>pax - Portable archive interchange</h2>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>
<p><strong>pax [-cdnv] [-E</strong> <em>limit</em><strong>]
[-f</strong> <em>archive</em><strong>] [-s</strong> <em>
replstr</em><strong> ...] [-U</strong> <em>user</em><strong> ...]
[-G</strong> <em>group</em><strong> ...] [-T</strong>
[<em>from_date</em>][<em>,to_date</em><strong>] ...] [</strong><em>pattern</em>
<strong>...]</strong></p>
<p><strong>pax -r [-cdiknuvDYZ] [-C</strong> <em>ccsid</em>
<strong>] [-E</strong> <em>limit</em><strong>] [-f</strong> <em>
archive</em><strong>] [-o</strong> <em>options</em><strong> ...]
[-p</strong> <em>string</em><strong> ...] [-s</strong> <em>
replstr</em><strong> ...] [-U</strong> <em>user</em><strong> ...]
[-G</strong> <em>group</em><strong> ...] [-T</strong>
[<em>from_date</em>][<em>,to_date</em>]<strong> ...]</strong>
[<em>pattern</em> <strong>...]</strong></p>
<p><strong>pax -w [-dituvHLPX] [-b</strong> <em>
blocksize</em><strong>] [[-a] [-f</strong> <em>
archive</em><strong>]] [-x</strong> <em>format</em><strong>]
[-B</strong> <em>bytes</em><strong>] [-s</strong> <em>
replstr</em><strong> ...] [-o</strong> <em>options</em><strong> ...]
[-U</strong> <em>user</em><strong> ...] [-G</strong> <em>
group</em><strong> ...] [-T</strong>
[<em>from_date</em>][<em>,to_date</em>]<strong>[/[c][m]] ...]
</strong> [<em>file</em> <strong>...]</strong></p>
<p><strong>pax -r -w [-diklntuvDHLPXYZ] [-p</strong> <em>
string</em><strong> ...] [-s</strong> <em>replstr</em><strong> ...]
[-U</strong> <em>user</em><strong> ...] [-G</strong> <em>
group</em><strong> ...] [-T</strong>
[<em>from_date</em>][<em>,to_date</em>]<strong>[/[c][m]] ...]
[</strong><em>file</em> <strong>...]</strong> <em>directory</em></p>
<p><strong>Description</strong></p>
<p>The <strong>pax</strong> utility reads, writes, and lists the
members of an archive file, and copies directory hierarchies.
<strong>pax</strong> operation is independent of the specific
archive format, and supports a wide variety of different archive
formats. A list of supported archive formats can be found under the
description of the <strong>-x</strong> option.</p>
<p>The presence of the <strong>-r</strong> and the <strong>
-w</strong> options specifies which of the following functional
modes <strong>pax</strong> will operate under: list, read, write,
and copy.</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>&lt;none&gt;List</strong></dt>
<dd><strong>pax</strong> writes a table of contents of the members
of the archive file read from whose path names match the specified
patterns. The table of contents contains one file name per line and
is written using single line buffering.</dd>
<dt><strong>-r Read</strong></dt>
<dd><strong>pax</strong> extracts the members of the archive file
read from the with path names matching the specified <em>
patterns</em>. The archive format and blocking is automatically
determined on input. When an extracted file is a directory, the
entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory is extracted. All
extracted files are created relative to the current file hierarchy.
The setting of ownership, access and modification times, and file
mode of the extracted files are discussed in more detail under the
<strong>-p</strong> option.</dd>
<dt><strong>-w Write</strong></dt>
<dd><strong>pax</strong> writes an archive containing the <em>
file</em> operands to standard output using the specified archive
<em>format</em>. When no <em>file</em> operands are specified, a
list of files to copy with one per line is read from standard
input. When a <em>file</em> operand is also a directory, the entire
file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included.</dd>
<dt><strong>-r -w Copy</strong></dt>
<dd><strong>pax</strong> copies the <em>file</em> operands to the
destination <em>directory</em>. When no <em>file</em> operands are
specified, a list of files to copy with one per line is read from
standard input. When a <em>file</em> operand is also a directory
the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be
included. The effect of the copy is as if the copied files were
written to an archive file and then subsequently extracted, except
that there may be hard links between the original and the copied
files (see the <strong>-l</strong> option below).</dd>
</dl>
<table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>Warning:</strong></td>
<td>The destination <em>directory</em> must not be one of the <em>
file</em> operands or a member of a file hierarchy rooted at one of
the file operands. The result of a copy under these conditions is
unpredictable.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>Note:</strong></td>
<td>Archive files must be in CCSID 819 for portability with other
platforms.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>While processing a damaged archive during a read or list
operation, <strong>pax</strong> will attempt to recover from media
defects and will search through the archive to locate and process
the largest number of archive members possible (see the <strong>
-E</strong> option for more details on error handling).</p>
<p><strong>Options</strong></p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>-r</strong></dt>
<dd>Read an archive file from standard input and extract the
specified <em>files</em>. If any intermediate directories are
needed in order to extract an archive member, these directories
will be created as if <strong>mkdir</strong> was called with the
bitwise inclusive OR of S_IRWXU, S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO as the mode
argument. When the selected archive <em>format</em> supports the
specification of linked files and these files cannot be linked
while the archive is being extracted, <strong>pax</strong> will
write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit with a
nonzero exit status at the completion of operation.</dd>
<dt><strong>-w</strong></dt>
<dd>Write files to the standard output in the specified archive
<em>format</em>. When no <em>file</em> operands are specified,
standard input is read for a list of path names with one per line
without any leading or trailing &lt;blanks&gt;.</dd>
<dt><strong>-a</strong></dt>
<dd>Append files to the end of an archive that was previously
written. If an archive <em>format</em> is not specified with a
<strong>-x</strong> option, the format currently being used in the
archive will be selected. Any attempt to append to an archive in a
format different from the format already used in the archive will
cause <strong>pax</strong> to exit immediately with a non-zero exit
status. The blocking size used in the archive volume where writing
starts will continue to be used for the remainder of that archive
volume.</dd>
<dt><strong>-b</strong> <em>blocksize</em></dt>
<dd>When writing an archive, block the output at a positive decimal
integer number of bytes per write to the archive file. The <em>
blocksize</em> must be a multiple of 512 bytes with a maximum of
32256 bytes. A <em>blocksize</em> can end with k or b to specify
multiplication by 1024 (1K) or 512. A pair of <em>
blocksizes</em> can be separated by x to indicate a product. When
blocking is not specified, the default blocksize is dependent on
the specific archive format being used (see the <strong>-x</strong>
option).</dd>
<dt><strong>-c</strong></dt>
<dd>Match all file or archive members except those specified by the
<em>pattern</em> and <em>file</em> operands.</dd>
<dt><strong>-d</strong></dt>
<dd>Cause files of type directory being copied or archived, or
archive members of type directory being extracted, to match only
the directory file or archive member and not the file hierarchy
rooted at the directory.</dd>
<dt><strong>-f</strong> <em>archive</em></dt>
<dd>Specify <em>archive</em> as the path name of the input or output
archive, overriding the default standard input (for list and read)
or standard output (for write). A single archive may span multiple
files and different archive devices. When required, <strong>
pax</strong> will prompt for the path name of the file or device of
the next volume in the archive.</dd>
<dt><strong>-i</strong></dt>
<dd>Interactively rename files or archive members. For each archive
member matching a <em>pattern</em> operand or each file matching a
<em>file</em> operand, <strong>pax</strong> will prompt to the
terminal giving the name of the file, its file mode and its
modification time. <strong>pax</strong> then reads a line from the
terminal. If this line is blank, the file or archive member is
skipped. If this line consists of a single period, the file or
archive member is processed with no modification to its name.
Otherwise, its name is replaced with the contents of the line.
<strong>pax</strong> will immediately exit with a non-zero exit
status if EOF is encountered when reading a response.
If the LC_TIME environment
variable is set, the modification time is formatted using
the format specified by the d_t_fmt keyword in the LC_TIME category
of the specified locale.</dd>
<dt><strong>-k</strong></dt>
<dd>Do not overwrite existing files.</dd>
<dt><strong>-l</strong></dt>
<dd>(The lowercase letter ell) Link files. In the copy mode ( -r
-w), hard links are made between the source and destination file
hierarchies whenever possible.</dd>
<dt><strong>-n</strong></dt>
<dd>Select the first archive member that matches each <em>
pattern</em> operand. No more than one archive member is matched
for each <em>pattern</em>. When members of type directory are
matched, the file hierarchy rooted at that directory is also
matched (unless <strong>-d</strong> is also specified).</dd>
<dt><strong>-o</strong></dt>
<dd>Information to modify the algorithm for extracting or writing
archive files which is specific to the archive format specified by
<strong>-x</strong>. In general, options take the form:
name=value.</dd>
<dt><strong>-p</strong> <em>string</em></dt>
<dd>Specify one or more file characteristic options (privileges).
The <em>string</em> is a string specifying file characteristics to
be retained or discarded on extraction. The string consists of the
specification characters a, e, m, o, and p. Multiple
characteristics can be concatenated within the same string and
multiple <strong>-p</strong> options can be specified. The meaning
of the specification characters are as follows:
<dl>
<dt><strong>a</strong></dt>
<dd>Do not preserve file access times. By default, file access
times are preserved whenever possible.</dd>
<dt><strong>e</strong></dt>
<dd>Preserve everything, the user ID, group ID, file mode bits,
file access time, and file modification time. This is intended to
be used by someone with all the appropriate privileges in order to
preserve all aspects of the files as they are recorded in the
archive. The e flag is the sum of the o and p flags.</dd>
<dt><strong>m</strong></dt>
<dd>Do not preserve file modification times. By default, file
modification times are preserved whenever possible.</dd>
<dt><strong>o</strong></dt>
<dd>Preserve the user ID and group ID.</dd>
<dt><strong>p</strong></dt>
<dd>Preserve the file mode bits. This intended to be used by a user
with regular privileges who wants to preserve all aspects of the
file other than the ownership. The file times are preserved by
default, but two other flags are offered to disable this and use
the time of extraction instead.</dd>
</dl>
<p>In the preceding list, preserve indicates that an attribute
stored in the archive is given to the extracted file, subject to
the permissions of the invoking process. Otherwise the attribute of
the extracted file is determined as part of the normal file
creation action. If the preservation of any of these items fails
for any reason, <strong>pax</strong> will write a diagnostic
message to standard error. Failure to preserve these items affects
the final exit status, but will not cause the extracted file to be
deleted. If the file characteristic letters in any of the <em>
strings</em> are duplicated or conflict with each other, the one
given last will take precedence. For example, if <strong>-p
eme</strong> is specified, file modification times are still
preserved.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-s</strong></dt>
<dd>Modify the file or archive member names specified by the <em>
pattern</em> or <em>file</em> operands according to the
substitution expression <em>replstr</em>, using the syntax of the
regular expressions. The format of these regular expressions are:
<pre>
/old/new/[gp]
</pre>
<p>Old is a basic regular expression and new can contain an
ampersand (&amp;), n (where n is a digit) back-references, or
subexpression matching. The old string may also contain
&lt;newline&gt; characters. Any non-null character can be used as a
delimiter (/ is shown here). Multiple <strong>-s</strong>
expressions can be specified. The expressions are applied in the
order they are specified on the command line, terminating with the
first successful substitution. The optional trailing g continues to
apply the substitution expression to the path name substring which
starts with the first character following the end of the last
successful substitution. The first unsuccessful substitution stops
the operation of the g option. The optional trailing p will cause
the final result of a successful substitution to be written to
standard error in the following format:</p>
<pre>
&lt;original path name&gt; &gt;&gt; &lt;new path name&gt;
</pre>
<p>File or archive member names that substitute to the empty string
are not selected and will be skipped.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-t</strong></dt>
<dd>Reset the access times of any file or directory read or
accessed by <strong>pax</strong> to be the same as they were before
being read or accessed by <strong>pax</strong>.</dd>
<dt><strong>-u</strong></dt>
<dd>Ignore files that are older (having a less recent file
modification time) than a pre-existing file or archive member with
the same name. During read, an archive member with the same name as
a file in the file system will be extracted if the archive member
is newer than the file. During write, a file system member with the
same name as an archive member will be written to the archive if it
is newer than the archive member. During copy, the file in the
destination hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source
hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the
file in the source hierarchy is newer.</dd>
<dt><strong>-v</strong></dt>
<dd>During a list operation, produce a verbose table of contents
using the format of the <strong>ls</strong> utility with the
<strong>-l</strong> option. For path names representing a hard link
to a previous member of the archive, the output has the format:
&lt;ls -l listing&gt; == &lt;link name&gt; For path names
representing a symbolic link, the output has the format: &lt;ls -l
listing&gt; = &gt;&lt;link name&gt; Where &lt;ls -l listing&gt; is
the output format specified by the <strong>ls</strong> utility when
used with the <strong>-l</strong> option. Otherwise for all the
other operational modes ( read, write, and copy), path names are
written and flushed to standard error without a trailing newline as
soon as processing begins on that file or archive member. The
trailing newline is not buffered, and is written only after the
file has been read or written.
If the LC_TIME environment
variable is set, the output time is formatted using
the format specified by the d_t_fmt keyword in the LC_TIME category
of the specified locale.</dd>
<dt><strong>-x</strong></dt>
<dd>Specify the output archive format, with the default format
being ustar. <strong>pax</strong> currently supports the following
formats:
<dl>
<dt><strong>cpio</strong></dt>
<dd>The extended cpio interchange format specified in the 1003.2
standard. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes.</dd>
<dt><strong>bcpio</strong></dt>
<dd>The old binary cpio format. The default blocksize for this
format is 5120 bytes. This format is not very portable and should
not be used when other formats are available.</dd>
<dt><strong>sv4cpio</strong></dt>
<dd>The System V release 4 cpio. The default blocksize for this
format is 5120 bytes.</dd>
<dt><strong>sv4crc</strong></dt>
<dd>The System V release 4 cpio with file crc checksums. The
default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes.</dd>
<dt><strong>tar</strong></dt>
<dd>The old BSD tar format as found in BSD4.3. The default
blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes. Path names stored by this
format must be 100 characters or less in length. Only regular
files, hard links, soft links, and directories will be archived
(other file system types are not supported). For backward
compatibility with even older tar formats, a <strong>-o</strong>
option can be used when writing an archive to omit the storage of
directories. This option takes the form: <tt>-o -Cm
-write_opt=nodir</tt></dd>
<dt><strong>ustar</strong></dt>
<dd>The extended tar interchange format specified in the 1003.2
standard. The default blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes.
Path names stored by this format must be 250 characters or less in
length.</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>pax</strong> will detect and report any file that it is
unable to store or extract as the result of any specific archive
format restrictions. The individual archive formats may impose
additional restrictions on use. Typical archive format restrictions
include (but are not limited to): file path name length, file size,
link path name length and the type of the file.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-A</strong></dt>
<dd>Run <strong>pax</strong> as old tar.</dd>
<dt><strong>-B</strong></dt>
<dd>Limit the number of bytes written to a single archive volume to
bytes. The bytes limit can end with m, k, or b to specify
multiplication by 1048576 (1M), 1024 (1K) or 512. A
pair of bytes limits can be separated by x to indicate a
product.</dd>
<dt><strong>-C</strong> <em>ccsid</em></dt>
<dd>Create the files extracted from the archive in the specified
<em>ccsid</em>. There must be a valid translation from CCSID 819 to
the specified <em>ccsid</em>. This option overrides the value of
the QIBM_CCSID environment variable.</dd>
<dt><strong>-D</strong></dt>
<dd>This option is the same as the <strong>-u</strong> option,
except that the file inode change time is checked instead of the
file modification time. The file inode change time can be used to
select files whose inode information (for example, uid, gid, and so on) is newer
than a copy of the file in the destination directory.</dd>
<dt><strong>-E</strong></dt>
<dd>Limit the number of consecutive read faults while trying to
read a flawed archives. With a positive limit, <strong>pax</strong>
will attempt to recover from an archive read error and will
continue processing starting with the next file stored in the
archive. A limit of 0 will cause <strong>pax</strong> to stop
operation after the first read error is detected on an archive
volume. A limit of NONE will cause <strong>pax</strong> to attempt
to recover from read errors forever. The default limit is a small
positive number of retries.
<table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><strong>Warning:</strong></td>
<td>Using this option with NONE should be used with extreme caution
as <strong>pax</strong> may get stuck in an infinite loop on a very
badly flawed archive.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-G</strong></dt>
<dd>Select a file based on its group name, or when starting with a
#, a numeric gid. A '' can be used to escape the #. Multiple -G
options may be supplied and checking stops with the first
match.</dd>
<dt><strong>-H</strong></dt>
<dd>Follow only command line symbolic links while performing a
physical file system traversal.</dd>
<dt><strong>-L</strong></dt>
<dd>Follow all symbolic links to perform a logical file system
traversal.</dd>
<dt><strong>-P</strong></dt>
<dd>Do not follow symbolic links, perform a physical file system
traversal. This is the default mode.</dd>
<dt><strong>-T</strong></dt>
<dd>Allow files to be selected based on a file modification or
inode change time falling within a specified time range of <em>
from_date</em> to <em>to_date</em> (the dates are inclusive). If
only a <em>from_date</em> is supplied, all files with a
modification or inode change time equal to or younger are selected.
If only a <em>to_date</em> is supplied, all files with a
modification or inode change time equal to or older will be
selected. When the <em>from_date</em> is equal to the <em>
to_date</em>, only files with a modification or inode change time
of exactly that time will be selected.
<p>When <strong>pax</strong> is in the write or copy mode, the
optional trailing field [c][m] can be used to determine which file
time (inode change, file modification or both) are used in the
comparison. If neither is specified, the default is to use file
modification time only. The m specifies the comparison of file
modification time (the time when the file was last written). The c
specifies the comparison of inode change time (the time when the
file inode was last changed; for example, a change of owner, group, mode,
and so on). When c and m are both specified, then the modification and
inode change times are both compared. The inode change time
comparison is useful in selecting files whose attributes were
recently changed or selecting files which were recently created and
had their modification time reset to an older time (as what happens
when a file is extracted from an archive and the modification time
is preserved). Time comparisons using both file times is useful
when <strong>pax</strong> is used to create a time based
incremental archive (only files that were changed during a
specified time range will be archived).</p>
<p>A time range is made up of seven different fields and each field
must contain two digits. The format is:</p>
<pre>
[cc[yy[mm[dd[hh]]]]]mm[.ss]
</pre>
<p>where cc is the century, yy is the last two digits of the year, the first mm is the
month (from 01 to 12), dd is the day of the month (from 01 to 31),
hh is the hour of the day (from 00 to 23), the second mm is the
minute (from 00 to 59), and ss is the seconds (from 00 to 59). The
minute field mm is required, while the other fields are optional
and must be added in the following order: hh, dd, mm, yy, cc.</p>
<p>The ss field may be added independently of the other fields.
Time ranges are relative to the current time, so -T 1234/cm would
select all files with a modification or inode change time of 12:34
p.m. today or later. Multiple -T time range can be supplied and
checking stops with the first match.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>-U</strong></dt>
<dd>Select a file based on its user name, or when starting with a
#, a numeric uid. A '' can be used to escape the #. Multiple
<strong>-U</strong> options may be supplied and checking stops with
the first match.</dd>
<dt><strong>-X</strong></dt>
<dd>When traversing the file hierarchy specified by a path name, do
not descend into directories that have a different device ID.</dd>
<dt><strong>-Y</strong></dt>
<dd>This option is the same as the <strong>-D</strong> option,
except that the inode change time is checked using the path name
created after all the file name modifications have completed.</dd>
<dt><strong>-Z</strong></dt>
<dd>This option is the same as the <strong>-u</strong> option,
except that the modification time is checked using the path name
created after all the file name modifications have completed.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The options that operate on the names of files or archive
members (<strong>-c, -i, -n, -s, -u, -v, -D, -G, -T, -U, -Y, and
-Z</strong>) interact as follows.</p>
<ul>
<li>When extracting files during a read operation, archive members
are selected based only on the user specified <em>pattern</em>
operands as modified by the <strong>-c, -n, -u, -D, -G, -T,
-U</strong> options. Then any <strong>-s</strong> and <strong>
-i</strong> options will modify in that order, the names of these
selected files. Then the <strong>-Y</strong> and <strong>
-Z</strong> options will be applied based on the final path name.
Finally the <strong>-v</strong> option will write the names
resulting from these modifications.</li>
<li>When archiving files during a write operation, or copying files
during a copy operation, archive members are selected based only on
the user specified path names as modified by the <strong>-n, -u, -D,
-G, -T, and -U</strong> options (the <strong>-D</strong> option
only applies during a copy operation). Then any <strong>-s</strong>
and <strong>-i</strong> options will modify in that order, the
names of these selected files. Then during a copy operation the
<strong>-Y</strong> and the <strong>-Z</strong> options will be
applied based on the final path name. Finally the <strong>
-v</strong> option will write the names resulting from these
modifications.</li>
<li>When one or both of the <strong>-u</strong> or <strong>
-D</strong> options are specified along with the <strong>
-n</strong> option, a file is not considered selected unless it is
newer than the file to which it is compared.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Operands</strong></p>
<p>The <em>directory</em> operand specifies a destination directory
path name. If the <em>directory</em> operand does not exist, or it
is not writable by the user, or it is not of type directory,
<strong>pax</strong> will exit with a non-zero exit status.</p>
<p>The <em>pattern</em> operand is used to select one or more
path names of archive members. When the <em>pattern</em> operand is
not supplied, all members of the archive will be selected. When a
pattern matches a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at
that directory will be selected. When a <em>pattern</em> operand
does not select at least one archive member, <strong>pax</strong>
will write these <em>pattern</em> operands in a diagnostic message
to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit status.</p>
<p>The <em>file</em> operand specifies the path name of a file to be
copied or archived. When a <em>file</em> operand does not select at
least one archive member, <strong>pax</strong> will write these
<em>file</em> operand path names in a diagnostic message to standard
error and then exit with a non-zero exit status.</p>
<p><strong>Environment Variables</strong></p>
<p><strong>pax</strong> is affected by the following environment
variables:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>LANG</strong></dt>
<dd>Provides a default value for locale categories that are not specifically
set with a variable starting with LC_.</dd>
<dt><strong>LC_TIME</strong></dt>
<dd>Defines the date and time format used in displaying file times.
</dd>
<dt><strong>QIBM_CCSID</strong></dt>
<dd><strong>pax</strong> creates the file extracted from the archive in the CCSID specified by
the value of the environment variable.</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>Exit Status</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>0 All files were processed successfully</li>
<li>1 An error occurred</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Related information</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="compress.htm">compress - Compress data</a></li>
<li><a href="tar.htm">tar - File archiver</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Copy the contents of the current directory to an archive file:
<pre>
pax -w -f saved.ar
</pre>
</li>
<li>Display the verbose table of contents for an archive file:
<pre>
pax -r -v -f saved.ar
</pre>
</li>
<li>The following commands copy the entire directory tree anchored at /home/abbey/olddir
to /home/abbey/newdir:
<pre>
mkdir /home/abbey/newdir
cd /home/abbey/olddir
pax -rw . /home/abbey/newdir
</pre>
</li>
<li>Interactively select the files to copy from the current
directory to the directory destination:
<pre>
pax -rw -i . destination
</pre>
</li>
<li>Extract all files from an archive file that are owned by
user root and group bin and preserve all file permissions:
<pre>
pax -r -pe -U root -G bin -f saved.ar
</pre>
</li>
<li>List and update only those files in the destination directory
/backup which are older than files with the same name found in the
source directory /sourcecode:
<pre>
pax -r -w -v -Y -Z /sourcecode /backup
</pre>
</li>
</ol>
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