159 lines
8.9 KiB
HTML
159 lines
8.9 KiB
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<meta name="DC.Title" content="Cryptographic hardware concepts" />
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<meta name="abstract" content="To better understand how to maximize your usage of cryptography and cryptographic hardware options with your system, read these basic concepts regarding cryptographic hardware." />
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<title>Cryptographic hardware concepts</title>
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<body id="hwconcepts"><a name="hwconcepts"><!-- --></a>
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<!-- Java sync-link --><script language="Javascript" src="../rzahg/synch.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
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<h1 class="topictitle1">Cryptographic hardware concepts</h1>
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<div><p>To better understand how to maximize your usage of cryptography
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and cryptographic hardware options with your system, read these basic concepts
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regarding cryptographic hardware.</p>
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<div class="note"><span class="notetitle">Note:</span> These concepts do not pertain to the IBM<sup>®</sup> 2058 Cryptographic Accelerator hardware.</div>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm"><strong>Key types associated with the Cryptographic Coprocessor</strong></dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses various key types. Not all DES or Triple DES keys
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can be used for all symmetric key operations. Likewise, not all public key
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algorithm (PKA) keys can be used for all asymmetric key operations. This is
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a list of the various key types which the Coprocessor uses: <dl><dt class="dlterm">Master key</dt>
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<dd>This is a clear key, which means that no other key encrypted it. The
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Coprocessor uses the master key to encrypt all operational keys. The Coprocessor
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stores the master key in a tamper-responding module. You cannot retrieve the
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master key from the Coprocessor. The Coprocessor responds to tamper attempts
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by destroying the master key and destroying its factory certification. The
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coprocessors have two master keys: one for encrypting DES keys and one for
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encrypting PKA keys.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Double-length key-encrypting keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses this type of Triple-DES key to encrypt or decrypt
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other DES or Triple DES keys. Key-encrypting-keys are generally used to transport
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keys between systems. However, they can also be used for storing keys offline
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for backup. If key-encrypting-keys are used to transport keys, the clear
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value of the key-encrypting-key itself must be shared between the two systems.
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Exporter key-encrypting keys are used for export operations where a key encrypted
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under the master key is decrypted and then encrypted under the key-encrypting
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key. Importer key-encrypting keys are used for import operations where a
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key encrypted under the key-encrypting key is decrypted and then encrypted
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under the master key.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Double-length PIN keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses this type of key to generate, verify, encrypt,
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and decrypt PINs used in financial operations. These are Triple DES keys.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">MAC keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses this type of key to generate Message Authentication
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Codes (MAC). These can be either DES or Triple DES keys.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Cipher keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses this type of key to encrypt or decrypt data. These
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can be either DES or Triple DES keys.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Single-length compatibility keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses this type of key to encrypt or decrypt data and
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generate MACs. These are DES keys and are often used when encrypted data or
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MACs are exchanged with systems that do not implement the Common Cryptographic
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Architecture.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Private keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses private keys for generating digital signatures
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and for decrypting DES or Triple DES keys encrypted by the public key.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Public keys</dt>
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<dd>Your Coprocessor uses public keys for verifying digital signatures, for
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encrypting DES or Triple DES keys, and for decrypting data encrypted by the
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private key.</dd>
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</dl>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Key forms</dt>
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<dd>The Coprocessor works with keys in one of four different forms. The key
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form, along with the key type, determines how a cryptographic process uses
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that key. The four forms are: <dl><dt class="dlterm">Clear form</dt>
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<dd>The clear value of the key is not protected by any cryptographic means.
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Clear keys are not usable by the Coprocessor. The clear keys must first
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be imported into the secure module and encrypted under the master key and
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then stored outside the secure module.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Operational form</dt>
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<dd>Keys encrypted under the master key are in operational form. They are
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directly usable for cryptographic operations by the Coprocessor. Operational
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keys are also called internal keys. All keys that are stored in the server
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key store file are operational keys. However, you do not need to store all
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operational keys in the key store file.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Export form</dt>
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<dd>Keys encrypted under an exporter key-encrypting key as the result of an
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export operation are in export form. These keys are also called external
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keys. A key in export form can also be described as being in import form
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if an importer key-encrypting key with the same clear key value as the exporter
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key-encrypting key is present. You may store keys in export form in any manner
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you choose except in key store files.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Import form</dt>
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<dd>Keys encrypted under an importer key-encrypting key are in import form.
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Only keys in import form can be used as the source for an import operation.
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These keys are also called external keys. A key in import form can also
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be described as being in export form if an exporter key-encrypting key with
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the same clear key value as the importer key-encrypting key is present. You
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may store keys in import form in any manner you choose except in key store
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files.</dd>
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</dl>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Function control vector</dt>
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<dd>IBM provides
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a digitally signed value known as a function control vector. This value enables
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the cryptographic application within the Coprocessor to yield a level of
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cryptographic service consistent with applicable import regulations and export
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regulations. The function control vector provides your Coprocessor with the
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key length information necessary to create keys. </dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Control vectors</dt>
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<dd>A control vector, different from a function control vector, is a known
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value associated with a key that governs the following: <ul><li>Key type</li>
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<li>What other keys this key can encrypt</li>
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<li>Whether your Coprocessor can export this key</li>
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<li>Other allowed uses for this key</li>
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</ul>
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The control vector is cryptographically linked to a key and can not be
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changed without changing the value of the key at the same time.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Key store file</dt>
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<dd>An i5/OS™ database
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file that is used to store keys which you encrypted under the master key of
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the Coprocessor.</dd>
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</dl>
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<dl><dt class="dlterm">Key token</dt>
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<dd> A data structure that can contain a cryptographic key, a control vector,
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and other information related to the key. Key tokens are used as parameters
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on most of the CCA API verbs that either act on or use keys. </dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<div>
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<div class="familylinks">
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<div class="parentlink"><strong>Parent topic:</strong> <a href="rzajcco4758.htm" title="IBM offers two Cryptographic Coprocessors, which are available on a variety of server models.">4764 and 4758 Cryptographic Coprocessors</a></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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