259 lines
6.8 KiB
HTML
259 lines
6.8 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<META name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<META http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
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<title>Arithmetic expansions</title>
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<LINK rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../rzahg/ic.css">
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</HEAD>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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<!-- Java sync-link -->
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<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="Javascript" SRC="../rzahg/synch.js" TYPE="text/javascript"></SCRIPT>
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<h2>Arithmetic expansions</h2>
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<p>Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an
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arithmetic expression and substituting its value. The format for
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arithmetic expansion is:</p>
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<p>$((<em>expression</em>))</p>
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<p>The <em>expression</em> is treated as if it were in
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double quotation marks, except that a double quotation mark inside <em>
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expression</em> is not treated specially. The shell expands all
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tokens in <em>expression</em> for parameter expansion, command
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substitution, and quote removal. <strong>qsh</strong> treats the
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result as an arithmetic expression and
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substitutes the value of the expression.</p>
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<p><strong>Arithmetic expressions</strong></p>
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<p>An arithmetic expression can be specified in the following
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situations:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>in an arithmetic expansion</li>
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<li>for each argument of the <a href="let.htm">let</a> utility</li>
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<li>for the argument of the <a href="shift.htm">shift</a>
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utility</li>
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<li>for the operands of the arithmetic formats of the <a href=
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"printf.htm">printf</a> utility</li>
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<li>for the operands to the arithmetic comparison operators of the
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<a href="test.htm">test</a> utility</li>
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<li>for the argument of the
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<a href="ulimit.htm">ulimit</a> utility</li>
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<li>in the "Substring Starting at Offset" parameter expansion
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>qsh</strong> performs either integer or floating point
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arithmetic based on the setting of the float option. When the float
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option is set on, <strong>qsh</strong> performs floating point
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arithmetic.</p>
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<p>An integer number has the format [<em>base</em>#]<em>number</em>
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where:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><em>base</em> is a decimal integer between 2 and 36 that
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specifies the arithmetic base. The default is base 10.</li>
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<li><em>number</em> is a non-negative number. For a base greater
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than 10, numbers greater than 9 or represented using a letter of
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the alphabet. For example, when using base 16, the decimal number
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10 is represented using A.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>A floating point number has the format [<em>+|-</em>] <em>
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number</em>[.<em>number</em>] [<em>exponent</em>] where:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><em>number</em> is a non-negative decimal number.</li>
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<li><em>exponent</em> is E or e followed by + or - and a
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non-negative decimal number.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Arithmetic expressions use the following ANSI C language
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operators and precedence.</p>
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<dl>
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<dt>(<em>expression</em>)</dt>
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<dd>Parenthesis overrides precedence rules</dd>
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<dt>Unary operators</dt>
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<dd>+<em>expression</em> Unary +</dd>
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<dd>-<em>expression</em> Unary -</dd>
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<dd>~<em>expression</em> Bitwise negation</dd>
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<dd>!<em>expression</em> Logical negation</dd>
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<dt>Multiplicative operators</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> * <em>expression</em> Multiplication</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> / <em>expression</em> Division</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> % <em>expression</em> Remainder</dd>
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<dt>Additive operators</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> + <em>expression</em> Addition</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> - <em>expression</em> Subtraction</dd>
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<dt>Bitwise shift operators</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> << <em>expression</em> Left shift the
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first expression by the number of bits given in the second
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expression</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> >> <em>expression</em> Right shift
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the first expression by the number of bits given in the second
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expression</dd>
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<dt>Relational operators</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> < <em>expression</em> Less than</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> <= <em>expression</em> Less than or
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equal to</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> > <em>expression</em> Greater than</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> >= <em>expression</em> Greater than or
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equal to</dd>
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<dt>Bitwise AND operator</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> & <em>expression</em> Bitwise and where
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the result contains a 1 in each bit position where there is a 1 in
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both expressions and a 0 in all other bit positions.</dd>
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<dt>Bitwise Exclusive OR operator</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> ^ <em>expression</em> Bitwise exclusive or
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where the result contains a 1 in each bit position where there is a
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1 in only one of the expressions and a 0 in all other bit
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positions.</dd>
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<dt>Bitwise OR operator</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> | <em>expression</em> Bitwise or where the
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result contains a 1 in each bit position where there is a 1 in
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either expression and a 0 in all other bit positions.</dd>
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<dt>Logical AND operator</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> && <em>expression</em> Logical and
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where the result is true if both expressions are true</dd>
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<dt>Logical OR operator</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> || <em>expression</em> Logical or where the
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result is true if one of the expressions is true</dd>
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<dt>Conditional operator</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> ? <em>expression</em> : <em>expression</em>
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Conditional operator where when the first expression is true, the
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second expression is evaluated. Otherwise the third expression is
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evaluated.</dd>
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<dt>Assignment operators</dt>
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<dd><em>expression</em> = <em>expression</em> Simple
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assignment</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> *= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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multiply</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> /= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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divide</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> %= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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remainder</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> += <em>expression</em> Assign and add</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> -= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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subtract</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> <<= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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shift left</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> >>= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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shift right</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> &= <em>expression</em> Assign and
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bitwise AND</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> ^= <em>expression</em> Assign and bitwise
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exclusive OR</dd>
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<dd><em>expression</em> |= <em>expression</em> Assign and bitwise
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OR</dd>
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</dl>
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top"><strong>Note:</strong></td>
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<td>When using floating point arithmetic the remainder, left shift,
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right shift, bitwise AND, bitwise exclusive OR, and bitwise OR
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operators are not supported.</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
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<ol>
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<li>Add two decimal numbers:
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<pre>
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echo $((2+2))
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</pre>
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</li>
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<li>Add two hexadecimal numbers:
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<pre>
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echo $((16#A + 16#20))
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</pre>
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</li>
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<li>Increment the variable index by one:
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<pre>
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let index+=1
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</pre>
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</li>
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<li>Evaluate a complex expression:
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<pre>
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echo $((5+9-2*3/2))
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</pre>
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</li>
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<li>Add two floating point numbers:
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<pre>
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set -F
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echo $((5.75+9.157))
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set +F
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</pre>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</body>
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</html>
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