318 lines
8.6 KiB
HTML
318 lines
8.6 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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"text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<title>ls - List directory contents</title>
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<LINK rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../rzahg/ic.css">
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</HEAD>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
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<!-- Java sync-link -->
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<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="Javascript" SRC="../rzahg/synch.js" TYPE="text/javascript"></SCRIPT>
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<h2>ls - List directory contents</h2>
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<strong>Synopsis</strong>
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<p><strong>ls [-ACFLRSTacdfiloqrstu1]</strong> [<em>file
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...</em>]</p>
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<p><strong>Description</strong></p>
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<p>For each operand that names a <em>file</em> of a type other than
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directory, <strong>ls</strong> displays its name as well as any
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requested, associated information. For each operand that names a
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file of type directory, <strong>ls</strong> displays the names of
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files contained within that directory, as well as any requested,
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associated information.</p>
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<p>If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory
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are displayed. If more than one operand is given, non-directory
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operands are displayed first; directory and non-directory operands
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are sorted separately and in lexicographical order.</p>
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<p><strong>Options</strong></p>
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<dl>
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<dt><strong>-A</strong></dt>
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<dd>List all entries except for "." and "..".</dd>
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<dt><strong>-C</strong></dt>
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<dd>Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is
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to a terminal.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-F</strong></dt>
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<dd>Display a slash (/) immediately after each path name that is a
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directory, an asterisk (*) after each that is executable, and an at
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sign (@) after each symbolic link.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-L</strong></dt>
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<dd>If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the
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link references rather than the link itself.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-R</strong></dt>
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<dd>Recursively list subdirectories.</dd>
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<dt>
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<strong>-S</strong></dt>
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<dd>Display the CCSID attribute for the file.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-T</strong></dt>
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<dd>Display complete time information for the file, including
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month, day, hour, minute, second, and year when the <strong>
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-l</strong> option is also specified.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-a</strong></dt>
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<dd>Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot
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(.).</dd>
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<dt><strong>-c</strong></dt>
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<dd>Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or
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printing.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-d</strong></dt>
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<dd>Directories are listed as plain files (not searched
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recursively) and symbolic links in the argument list are not
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indirected through.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-f</strong></dt>
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<dd>Output is not sorted.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-i</strong></dt>
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<dd>For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode
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number).</dd>
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<dt><strong>-l</strong></dt>
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<dd>(Lowercase letter `ell.') List in long format. See Extended
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Description below for details. If the output is to a terminal, a
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total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the
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long listing.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-o</strong></dt>
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<dd>Include the file flags in a long (<strong>-l</strong>)
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output.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-q</strong></dt>
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<dd>Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
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question mark (?) character. This is the default when output is to
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a terminal.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-r</strong></dt>
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<dd>Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical
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order or the oldest entries first.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-s</strong></dt>
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<dd>Display the number of bytes actually allocated for each file,
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in units of 1024 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the
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next integer value.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-t</strong></dt>
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<dd>Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before
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sorting the operands by lexicographical order.</dd>
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<dt><strong>-u</strong></dt>
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<dd>Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the
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file for sorting (-t) or printing (-l).</dd>
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<dt><strong>-1</strong></dt>
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<dd>(The numeric digit one) Force output to be one entry per line.
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This is the default when output is not to a terminal.</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>The <strong>-1</strong>, <strong>-C</strong>, and <strong>
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-l</strong> options all override each other. The last one specified
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determines the format used.</p>
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<p>The <strong>-c</strong>, and <strong>-u</strong> options
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override each other. The last one specified determines the file
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time used.</p>
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<p>By default, <strong>ls</strong> lists one entry per line to
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standard output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
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<strong>-C</strong> option is specified.</p>
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<p>File information is displayed with one or more blanks separating
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the information associated with the <strong>-i</strong>, <strong>
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-s</strong>, <strong>-l</strong>, and <strong>-S</strong>
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options.</p>
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<p><strong>Extended Description</strong></p>
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<p>If the <strong>-l</strong> option is specified, the following
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long format information is displayed for each file:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>file mode,</li>
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<li>number of links,</li>
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<li>owner name,</li>
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<li>group name,</li>
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<li>number of bytes in the file,</li>
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<li>time the file was last modified, and</li>
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<li>the path name.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>If the file was modified
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within six months of the current date, the time is displayed as the
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abbreviated month, day-of-month, hour, and minute. Otherwise the
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time is displayed as the abbreviated month, day-of-month, and
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four-digit year.</p>
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<p>In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed,
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the total number of bytes used by the files in the directory is
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displayed on a line by itself immediately before the information
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for the files in the directory.</p>
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<p>If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name
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the numeric identifiers are displayed.</p>
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<p>If the file is a character special or block special file, the
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major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed in the
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size field. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
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linked-to file is preceded by "->".</p>
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<p>The file mode consists of the entry type, owner permissions,
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group permissions, and other permissions. The entry type character
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describes the type of file, as follows:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>b for a block special file.</li>
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<li>c for a character special file.</li>
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<li>d for a directory.</li>
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<li>l for a symbolic link.</li>
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<li>p for a pipe.</li>
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<li>s for a socket.</li>
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<li>- for a regular file.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The owner permissions, group permissions, and other permissions
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are each three characters. Each field has three character
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positions:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>For the first position, if the value is r, the file is readable. If the value
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is -, it is not readable.</li>
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<li>For the second position, if the value is w, the file is writable. If the
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value is -, it is not writable.</li>
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<li>For the third position,
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<ul>
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<li>If the value is S for the owner permissions, the set-user-ID mode is set.
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If the value is S for the group permissions, the set-group-ID mode is set.</li>
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<li>If the value is s for the owner permissions, the file is executable and the
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set-user-ID mode is set. If the value is s for the group permissions, the file
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is executable and the set-group-ID mode is set.</li>
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<li>If the value is x, the file is executable or the directory
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is searchable.</li>
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<li>If the value is -, the object is not executable or searchable.</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<strong>Environment Variables</strong>
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<p><strong>ls</strong> is affected by the following environment
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variables:</p>
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<dl>
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<dt><strong>COLUMNS</strong></dt>
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<dd>If this variable contains a string representing a decimal
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integer, it is used as the column position width for displaying
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multiple-text-column output. The <strong>ls</strong> utility
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calculates how many path name text columns to display based on the
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width provided. See the <strong>-C</strong> option.</dd>
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</dl>
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<p><strong>Exit Status</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>0 on success</li>
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<li>>0 if an error occurs.</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>Related information</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="chgrp.htm">chgrp - Change file group
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permission</a></li>
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<li><a href="chmod.htm">chmod - Change file modes
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(permissions)</a></li>
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<li><a href="chown.htm">chown - Change file ownership</a></li>
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<li><a href="cp.htm">cp - Copy files</a></li>
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<li><a href="ln.htm">ln - Link files</a></li>
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<li><a href="mkdir.htm">mkdir - Make directories</a></li>
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<li><a href="mv.htm">mv - Move files</a></li>
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<li><a href="rm.htm">rm - Remove directory entries</a></li>
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<li><a href="rmdir.htm">rmdir - Remove directories</a></li>
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</ul>
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<strong>Examples</strong>
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<ol>
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<li>Display the list of files in the current directory using the
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long format.
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<pre>
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ls -l
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</pre>
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</li>
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<li>Display all date and time details for the file "myfile".
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<pre>
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ls -lT myfile
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-rwxrwxrwx 1 abbey 0 592 Sep 12 22:47:01 1998 myfile
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</pre>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<!-- end ibmbody========================================================= -->
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</body>
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</html>
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